Antinuclear Antibody, Rheumatoid Factor, and Cyclic-Citrullinated Peptide Tests for Evaluating Musculoskeletal Complaints in Children: Comparative Effectiveness Review Number 50
Antinuclear Antibody, Rheumatoid Factor, and Cyclic-Citrullinated Peptide Tests for Evaluating Musculoskeletal Complaints in Children: Comparative Effectiveness Review Number 50
Overview
Musculoskeletal (MSK) pain is common in children and adolescents, with an estimated prevalence ranging from 2 to 50 percent. MSK pain can affect physical, psychological, and social function and often prompts consultation with a physician. However, MSK pain is often nonspecific, which can make it difficult to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. MSK pain may be due to rheumatic or nonrheumatic causes. Nonrheumatic causes are more common, generally benign, and most often attributable to trauma, overuse, and normal bone growth. Rheumatic causes, such as inflammatory arthritis, are infrequent, generally chronic, and require accurate, timely diagnosis and effective intervention to prevent progression and long-term damage. Common rheumatic causes of childhood MSK pain include pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (pSLE) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). A complete history and physical examination is generally considered to be the best way to make a diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis. Physicians may request serological tests such as antinuclear antibody (ANA), rheumatoid factor (RF), and cyclic-citrullinated peptide (CCP) when children and adolescents are suspected of having inflammatory arthritis, despite the fact that the diagnostic performance, usefulness, and proper interpretation of these tests are uncertain in pediatric populations. This comparative effectiveness review summarizes the evidence on the test performance of ANA, RF, or CCP tests for pSLE and JIA in children with undiagnosed MSK pain. The report is intended for a broad audience including primary care physicians who may consider ordering these tests in a child with MSK pain, health payers who provide coverage for these tests, and parents or caregivers who want to know whether these tests can determine if their child does or does not have a particular disease. In order to better understand how the ANA, RF, and CCP tests perform in the clinical setting of a child with undiagnosed MSK pain, it is important to know the prevalence of MSK complaints (including MSK pain and joint swelling) in children who do not have JIA and pSLE. It is also important to be aware of the rate of false positives for these tests (i.e., the proportion of otherwise healthy children who have a positive ANA, RF, or CCP test). Appropriate interpretation of test performance also requires an understanding of the disease progression and changes in signs and symptoms in children with MSK pain who may or may not also have JIA or pSLE. In addition to providing this background information, the objectives of this report were to assess the test performance of ANA, RF, and CCP tests in children and adolescents with undiagnosed MSK pain and/or joint swelling compared with clinical diagnoses of pSLE and JIA; to explore the difference in test performance for accuracy modifiers including age, sex, race or ethnicity, comorbidities, and recent infections; and to evaluate the impact of test results on clinical decisionmaking and clinically important outcomes such as referrals, ordering of additional tests, clinical management, and anxiety experienced by children and parents.Description
Condition Guidelines
Books - New and Used
The following guidelines apply to books:
- New: A brand-new copy with cover and original protective wrapping intact. Books with markings of any kind on the cover or pages, books marked as "Bargain" or "Remainder," or with any other labels attached, may not be listed as New condition.
- Used - Good: All pages and cover are intact (including the dust cover, if applicable). Spine may show signs of wear. Pages may include limited notes and highlighting. May include "From the library of" labels. Shrink wrap, dust covers, or boxed set case may be missing. Item may be missing bundled media.
- Used - Acceptable: All pages and the cover are intact, but shrink wrap, dust covers, or boxed set case may be missing. Pages may include limited notes, highlighting, or minor water damage but the text is readable. Item may but the dust cover may be missing. Pages may include limited notes and highlighting, but the text cannot be obscured or unreadable.
Note: Some electronic material access codes are valid only for one user. For this reason, used books, including books listed in the Used – Like New condition, may not come with functional electronic material access codes.
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Shipping Fees
- Stevens Books offers FREE SHIPPING everywhere in the United States for ALL non-book orders, and $3.99 for each book.
- Packages are shipped from Monday to Friday.
- No additional fees and charges.
Delivery Times
The usual time for processing an order is 24 hours (1 business day), but may vary depending on the availability of products ordered. This period excludes delivery times, which depend on your geographic location.
Estimated delivery times:
- Standard Shipping: 5-8 business days
- Expedited Shipping: 3-5 business days
Shipping method varies depending on what is being shipped.
Tracking
All orders are shipped with a tracking number. Once your order has left our warehouse, a confirmation e-mail with a tracking number will be sent to you. You will be able to track your package at all times.
Damaged Parcel
If your package has been delivered in a PO Box, please note that we are not responsible for any damage that may result (consequences of extreme temperatures, theft, etc.).
If you have any questions regarding shipping or want to know about the status of an order, please contact us or email to support@stevensbooks.com.
Returns & Refunds
You may return most items within 30 days of delivery for a full refund.
To be eligible for a return, your item must be unused and in the same condition that you received it. It must also be in the original packaging.
Several types of goods are exempt from being returned. Perishable goods such as food, flowers, newspapers or magazines cannot be returned. We also do not accept products that are intimate or sanitary goods, hazardous materials, or flammable liquids or gases.
Additional non-returnable items:
- Gift cards
- Downloadable software products
- Some health and personal care items
To complete your return, we require a tracking number, which shows the items which you already returned to us.
There are certain situations where only partial refunds are granted (if applicable)
- Book with obvious signs of use
- CD, DVD, VHS tape, software, video game, cassette tape, or vinyl record that has been opened
- Any item not in its original condition, is damaged or missing parts for reasons not due to our error
- Any item that is returned more than 30 days after delivery
Items returned to us as a result of our error will receive a full refund,some returns may be subject to a restocking fee of 7% of the total item price, please contact a customer care team member to see if your return is subject. Returns that arrived on time and were as described are subject to a restocking fee.
Items returned to us that were not the result of our error, including items returned to us due to an invalid or incomplete address, will be refunded the original item price less our standard restocking fees.
If the item is returned to us for any of the following reasons, a 15% restocking fee will be applied to your refund total and you will be asked to pay for return shipping:
- Item(s) no longer needed or wanted.
- Item(s) returned to us due to an invalid or incomplete address.
- Item(s) returned to us that were not a result of our error.
You should expect to receive your refund within four weeks of giving your package to the return shipper, however, in many cases you will receive a refund more quickly. This time period includes the transit time for us to receive your return from the shipper (5 to 10 business days), the time it takes us to process your return once we receive it (3 to 5 business days), and the time it takes your bank to process our refund request (5 to 10 business days).
If you need to return an item, please Contact Us with your order number and details about the product you would like to return. We will respond quickly with instructions for how to return items from your order.
Shipping Cost
We'll pay the return shipping costs if the return is a result of our error (you received an incorrect or defective item, etc.). In other cases, you will be responsible for paying for your own shipping costs for returning your item. Shipping costs are non-refundable. If you receive a refund, the cost of return shipping will be deducted from your refund.
Depending on where you live, the time it may take for your exchanged product to reach you, may vary.
If you are shipping an item over $75, you should consider using a trackable shipping service or purchasing shipping insurance. We don’t guarantee that we will receive your returned item.
Overview
Musculoskeletal (MSK) pain is common in children and adolescents, with an estimated prevalence ranging from 2 to 50 percent. MSK pain can affect physical, psychological, and social function and often prompts consultation with a physician. However, MSK pain is often nonspecific, which can make it difficult to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. MSK pain may be due to rheumatic or nonrheumatic causes. Nonrheumatic causes are more common, generally benign, and most often attributable to trauma, overuse, and normal bone growth. Rheumatic causes, such as inflammatory arthritis, are infrequent, generally chronic, and require accurate, timely diagnosis and effective intervention to prevent progression and long-term damage. Common rheumatic causes of childhood MSK pain include pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (pSLE) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). A complete history and physical examination is generally considered to be the best way to make a diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis. Physicians may request serological tests such as antinuclear antibody (ANA), rheumatoid factor (RF), and cyclic-citrullinated peptide (CCP) when children and adolescents are suspected of having inflammatory arthritis, despite the fact that the diagnostic performance, usefulness, and proper interpretation of these tests are uncertain in pediatric populations. This comparative effectiveness review summarizes the evidence on the test performance of ANA, RF, or CCP tests for pSLE and JIA in children with undiagnosed MSK pain. The report is intended for a broad audience including primary care physicians who may consider ordering these tests in a child with MSK pain, health payers who provide coverage for these tests, and parents or caregivers who want to know whether these tests can determine if their child does or does not have a particular disease. In order to better understand how the ANA, RF, and CCP tests perform in the clinical setting of a child with undiagnosed MSK pain, it is important to know the prevalence of MSK complaints (including MSK pain and joint swelling) in children who do not have JIA and pSLE. It is also important to be aware of the rate of false positives for these tests (i.e., the proportion of otherwise healthy children who have a positive ANA, RF, or CCP test). Appropriate interpretation of test performance also requires an understanding of the disease progression and changes in signs and symptoms in children with MSK pain who may or may not also have JIA or pSLE. In addition to providing this background information, the objectives of this report were to assess the test performance of ANA, RF, and CCP tests in children and adolescents with undiagnosed MSK pain and/or joint swelling compared with clinical diagnoses of pSLE and JIA; to explore the difference in test performance for accuracy modifiers including age, sex, race or ethnicity, comorbidities, and recent infections; and to evaluate the impact of test results on clinical decisionmaking and clinically important outcomes such as referrals, ordering of additional tests, clinical management, and anxiety experienced by children and parents.Description
Condition Guidelines
Books - New and Used
The following guidelines apply to books:
- New: A brand-new copy with cover and original protective wrapping intact. Books with markings of any kind on the cover or pages, books marked as "Bargain" or "Remainder," or with any other labels attached, may not be listed as New condition.
- Used - Good: All pages and cover are intact (including the dust cover, if applicable). Spine may show signs of wear. Pages may include limited notes and highlighting. May include "From the library of" labels. Shrink wrap, dust covers, or boxed set case may be missing. Item may be missing bundled media.
- Used - Acceptable: All pages and the cover are intact, but shrink wrap, dust covers, or boxed set case may be missing. Pages may include limited notes, highlighting, or minor water damage but the text is readable. Item may but the dust cover may be missing. Pages may include limited notes and highlighting, but the text cannot be obscured or unreadable.
Note: Some electronic material access codes are valid only for one user. For this reason, used books, including books listed in the Used – Like New condition, may not come with functional electronic material access codes.
Shipping & Delivery
Shipping Fees
- Stevens Books offers FREE SHIPPING everywhere in the United States for ALL non-book orders, and $3.99 for each book.
- Packages are shipped from Monday to Friday.
- No additional fees and charges.
Delivery Times
The usual time for processing an order is 24 hours (1 business day), but may vary depending on the availability of products ordered. This period excludes delivery times, which depend on your geographic location.
Estimated delivery times:
- Standard Shipping: 5-8 business days
- Expedited Shipping: 3-5 business days
Shipping method varies depending on what is being shipped.
Tracking
All orders are shipped with a tracking number. Once your order has left our warehouse, a confirmation e-mail with a tracking number will be sent to you. You will be able to track your package at all times.
Damaged Parcel
If your package has been delivered in a PO Box, please note that we are not responsible for any damage that may result (consequences of extreme temperatures, theft, etc.).
If you have any questions regarding shipping or want to know about the status of an order, please contact us or email to support@stevensbooks.com.
Returns & Refunds
You may return most items within 30 days of delivery for a full refund.
To be eligible for a return, your item must be unused and in the same condition that you received it. It must also be in the original packaging.
Several types of goods are exempt from being returned. Perishable goods such as food, flowers, newspapers or magazines cannot be returned. We also do not accept products that are intimate or sanitary goods, hazardous materials, or flammable liquids or gases.
Additional non-returnable items:
- Gift cards
- Downloadable software products
- Some health and personal care items
To complete your return, we require a tracking number, which shows the items which you already returned to us.
There are certain situations where only partial refunds are granted (if applicable)
- Book with obvious signs of use
- CD, DVD, VHS tape, software, video game, cassette tape, or vinyl record that has been opened
- Any item not in its original condition, is damaged or missing parts for reasons not due to our error
- Any item that is returned more than 30 days after delivery
Items returned to us as a result of our error will receive a full refund,some returns may be subject to a restocking fee of 7% of the total item price, please contact a customer care team member to see if your return is subject. Returns that arrived on time and were as described are subject to a restocking fee.
Items returned to us that were not the result of our error, including items returned to us due to an invalid or incomplete address, will be refunded the original item price less our standard restocking fees.
If the item is returned to us for any of the following reasons, a 15% restocking fee will be applied to your refund total and you will be asked to pay for return shipping:
- Item(s) no longer needed or wanted.
- Item(s) returned to us due to an invalid or incomplete address.
- Item(s) returned to us that were not a result of our error.
You should expect to receive your refund within four weeks of giving your package to the return shipper, however, in many cases you will receive a refund more quickly. This time period includes the transit time for us to receive your return from the shipper (5 to 10 business days), the time it takes us to process your return once we receive it (3 to 5 business days), and the time it takes your bank to process our refund request (5 to 10 business days).
If you need to return an item, please Contact Us with your order number and details about the product you would like to return. We will respond quickly with instructions for how to return items from your order.
Shipping Cost
We'll pay the return shipping costs if the return is a result of our error (you received an incorrect or defective item, etc.). In other cases, you will be responsible for paying for your own shipping costs for returning your item. Shipping costs are non-refundable. If you receive a refund, the cost of return shipping will be deducted from your refund.
Depending on where you live, the time it may take for your exchanged product to reach you, may vary.
If you are shipping an item over $75, you should consider using a trackable shipping service or purchasing shipping insurance. We don’t guarantee that we will receive your returned item.
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