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Imaging Techniques for the Diagnosis and Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Comparative Effectiveness Review Number 143

Paperback |English |150584133X | 9781505841336

Imaging Techniques for the Diagnosis and Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Comparative Effectiveness Review Number 143

Paperback |English |150584133X | 9781505841336
Overview
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant neoplasm of the liver, usually developing in individuals with chronic liver disease or cirrhosis. Worldwide, it is the fifth most common cancer and the third most common cause of cancer death. There were 156,940 deaths attributed to liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer in the United States in 2011, with 221,130 new cases diagnosed. The lifetime risk of developing liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer in the United States is about 1 in 132, with an age-adjusted incidence rate of 7.3 per 100,000 people per year. The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) recommends surveillance for the following groups at high risk for developing HCC: Asian male hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers age 40 and older, Asian female HBV carriers age 50 and older, HBV carriers with a family history of HCC, African/North American Black HBV carriers, HBV or hepatitis C virus carriers with cirrhosis, all individuals with other causes for cirrhosis (including alcoholic cirrhosis), and patients with stage 4 primary biliary cirrhosis. The natural history of HCC is variable, but it is often an aggressive tumor associated with poor survival without treatment. When diagnosed early, HCC may be amenable to potentially curative therapy. The three phases of pretherapy evaluation of HCC are detection, further evaluation of focal liver lesions, and staging. Detection often occurs in the setting of surveillance or in the use of periodic testing in people without HCC to identify lesions in the liver that are clinically suspicious for HCC. The evaluation phase involves the use of additional tests (radiological and/or histopathological) to confirm that a focal liver lesion is indeed HCC. Staging determines the extent and severity of a person's cancer to inform prognosis and treatment decisions. A number of staging systems are available, including the widely used TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) staging system and the more recent Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system, which has become the de facto staging reference standard; the Milan criteria have been used to identify patients likely to experience better post-transplantation outcomes, although other methods have been proposed. A number of imaging techniques are available to detect the presence of lesions, evaluate focal liver lesions, and determine the stage of the disease. They include ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET). Understanding the diagnostic accuracy of imaging methods and how they affect clinical decisionmaking, and ultimately patient outcomes, is a challenge. Imaging techniques may be used alone, in various combinations or algorithms, and/or with liver-specific biomarkers, resulting in many potential comparisons. Technical aspects of imaging methods are complex, and they are continuously evolving. Accurate diagnosis and staging of HCC are critical for providing optimal patient care. However, clinical uncertainty remains regarding optimal imaging strategies due to the factors described above. The purpose of this report is to comprehensively review the comparative effectiveness and diagnostic performance of different imaging modalities and strategies for detection of HCC, evaluation of focal liver lesions to identify HCC, and staging of HCC.
ISBN: 150584133X
ISBN13: 9781505841336
Author: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Publisher: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform
Format: Paperback
PublicationDate: 2014-12-30
Language: English
PageCount: 340
Dimensions: 8.5 x 0.77 x 11.0 inches
Weight: 27.84 ounces
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant neoplasm of the liver, usually developing in individuals with chronic liver disease or cirrhosis. Worldwide, it is the fifth most common cancer and the third most common cause of cancer death. There were 156,940 deaths attributed to liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer in the United States in 2011, with 221,130 new cases diagnosed. The lifetime risk of developing liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer in the United States is about 1 in 132, with an age-adjusted incidence rate of 7.3 per 100,000 people per year. The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) recommends surveillance for the following groups at high risk for developing HCC: Asian male hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers age 40 and older, Asian female HBV carriers age 50 and older, HBV carriers with a family history of HCC, African/North American Black HBV carriers, HBV or hepatitis C virus carriers with cirrhosis, all individuals with other causes for cirrhosis (including alcoholic cirrhosis), and patients with stage 4 primary biliary cirrhosis. The natural history of HCC is variable, but it is often an aggressive tumor associated with poor survival without treatment. When diagnosed early, HCC may be amenable to potentially curative therapy. The three phases of pretherapy evaluation of HCC are detection, further evaluation of focal liver lesions, and staging. Detection often occurs in the setting of surveillance or in the use of periodic testing in people without HCC to identify lesions in the liver that are clinically suspicious for HCC. The evaluation phase involves the use of additional tests (radiological and/or histopathological) to confirm that a focal liver lesion is indeed HCC. Staging determines the extent and severity of a person's cancer to inform prognosis and treatment decisions. A number of staging systems are available, including the widely used TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) staging system and the more recent Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system, which has become the de facto staging reference standard; the Milan criteria have been used to identify patients likely to experience better post-transplantation outcomes, although other methods have been proposed. A number of imaging techniques are available to detect the presence of lesions, evaluate focal liver lesions, and determine the stage of the disease. They include ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET). Understanding the diagnostic accuracy of imaging methods and how they affect clinical decisionmaking, and ultimately patient outcomes, is a challenge. Imaging techniques may be used alone, in various combinations or algorithms, and/or with liver-specific biomarkers, resulting in many potential comparisons. Technical aspects of imaging methods are complex, and they are continuously evolving. Accurate diagnosis and staging of HCC are critical for providing optimal patient care. However, clinical uncertainty remains regarding optimal imaging strategies due to the factors described above. The purpose of this report is to comprehensively review the comparative effectiveness and diagnostic performance of different imaging modalities and strategies for detection of HCC, evaluation of focal liver lesions to identify HCC, and staging of HCC.

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Overview
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant neoplasm of the liver, usually developing in individuals with chronic liver disease or cirrhosis. Worldwide, it is the fifth most common cancer and the third most common cause of cancer death. There were 156,940 deaths attributed to liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer in the United States in 2011, with 221,130 new cases diagnosed. The lifetime risk of developing liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer in the United States is about 1 in 132, with an age-adjusted incidence rate of 7.3 per 100,000 people per year. The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) recommends surveillance for the following groups at high risk for developing HCC: Asian male hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers age 40 and older, Asian female HBV carriers age 50 and older, HBV carriers with a family history of HCC, African/North American Black HBV carriers, HBV or hepatitis C virus carriers with cirrhosis, all individuals with other causes for cirrhosis (including alcoholic cirrhosis), and patients with stage 4 primary biliary cirrhosis. The natural history of HCC is variable, but it is often an aggressive tumor associated with poor survival without treatment. When diagnosed early, HCC may be amenable to potentially curative therapy. The three phases of pretherapy evaluation of HCC are detection, further evaluation of focal liver lesions, and staging. Detection often occurs in the setting of surveillance or in the use of periodic testing in people without HCC to identify lesions in the liver that are clinically suspicious for HCC. The evaluation phase involves the use of additional tests (radiological and/or histopathological) to confirm that a focal liver lesion is indeed HCC. Staging determines the extent and severity of a person's cancer to inform prognosis and treatment decisions. A number of staging systems are available, including the widely used TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) staging system and the more recent Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system, which has become the de facto staging reference standard; the Milan criteria have been used to identify patients likely to experience better post-transplantation outcomes, although other methods have been proposed. A number of imaging techniques are available to detect the presence of lesions, evaluate focal liver lesions, and determine the stage of the disease. They include ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET). Understanding the diagnostic accuracy of imaging methods and how they affect clinical decisionmaking, and ultimately patient outcomes, is a challenge. Imaging techniques may be used alone, in various combinations or algorithms, and/or with liver-specific biomarkers, resulting in many potential comparisons. Technical aspects of imaging methods are complex, and they are continuously evolving. Accurate diagnosis and staging of HCC are critical for providing optimal patient care. However, clinical uncertainty remains regarding optimal imaging strategies due to the factors described above. The purpose of this report is to comprehensively review the comparative effectiveness and diagnostic performance of different imaging modalities and strategies for detection of HCC, evaluation of focal liver lesions to identify HCC, and staging of HCC.
ISBN: 150584133X
ISBN13: 9781505841336
Author: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Publisher: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform
Format: Paperback
PublicationDate: 2014-12-30
Language: English
PageCount: 340
Dimensions: 8.5 x 0.77 x 11.0 inches
Weight: 27.84 ounces
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant neoplasm of the liver, usually developing in individuals with chronic liver disease or cirrhosis. Worldwide, it is the fifth most common cancer and the third most common cause of cancer death. There were 156,940 deaths attributed to liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer in the United States in 2011, with 221,130 new cases diagnosed. The lifetime risk of developing liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer in the United States is about 1 in 132, with an age-adjusted incidence rate of 7.3 per 100,000 people per year. The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) recommends surveillance for the following groups at high risk for developing HCC: Asian male hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers age 40 and older, Asian female HBV carriers age 50 and older, HBV carriers with a family history of HCC, African/North American Black HBV carriers, HBV or hepatitis C virus carriers with cirrhosis, all individuals with other causes for cirrhosis (including alcoholic cirrhosis), and patients with stage 4 primary biliary cirrhosis. The natural history of HCC is variable, but it is often an aggressive tumor associated with poor survival without treatment. When diagnosed early, HCC may be amenable to potentially curative therapy. The three phases of pretherapy evaluation of HCC are detection, further evaluation of focal liver lesions, and staging. Detection often occurs in the setting of surveillance or in the use of periodic testing in people without HCC to identify lesions in the liver that are clinically suspicious for HCC. The evaluation phase involves the use of additional tests (radiological and/or histopathological) to confirm that a focal liver lesion is indeed HCC. Staging determines the extent and severity of a person's cancer to inform prognosis and treatment decisions. A number of staging systems are available, including the widely used TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) staging system and the more recent Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system, which has become the de facto staging reference standard; the Milan criteria have been used to identify patients likely to experience better post-transplantation outcomes, although other methods have been proposed. A number of imaging techniques are available to detect the presence of lesions, evaluate focal liver lesions, and determine the stage of the disease. They include ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET). Understanding the diagnostic accuracy of imaging methods and how they affect clinical decisionmaking, and ultimately patient outcomes, is a challenge. Imaging techniques may be used alone, in various combinations or algorithms, and/or with liver-specific biomarkers, resulting in many potential comparisons. Technical aspects of imaging methods are complex, and they are continuously evolving. Accurate diagnosis and staging of HCC are critical for providing optimal patient care. However, clinical uncertainty remains regarding optimal imaging strategies due to the factors described above. The purpose of this report is to comprehensively review the comparative effectiveness and diagnostic performance of different imaging modalities and strategies for detection of HCC, evaluation of focal liver lesions to identify HCC, and staging of HCC.

Books - New and Used

The following guidelines apply to books:

  • New: A brand-new copy with cover and original protective wrapping intact. Books with markings of any kind on the cover or pages, books marked as "Bargain" or "Remainder," or with any other labels attached, may not be listed as New condition.
  • Used - Good: All pages and cover are intact (including the dust cover, if applicable). Spine may show signs of wear. Pages may include limited notes and highlighting. May include "From the library of" labels. Shrink wrap, dust covers, or boxed set case may be missing. Item may be missing bundled media.
  • Used - Acceptable: All pages and the cover are intact, but shrink wrap, dust covers, or boxed set case may be missing. Pages may include limited notes, highlighting, or minor water damage but the text is readable. Item may but the dust cover may be missing. Pages may include limited notes and highlighting, but the text cannot be obscured or unreadable.

Note: Some electronic material access codes are valid only for one user. For this reason, used books, including books listed in the Used – Like New condition, may not come with functional electronic material access codes.

Shipping Fees

  • Stevens Books offers FREE SHIPPING everywhere in the United States for ALL non-book orders, and $3.99 for each book.
  • Packages are shipped from Monday to Friday.
  • No additional fees and charges.

Delivery Times

The usual time for processing an order is 24 hours (1 business day), but may vary depending on the availability of products ordered. This period excludes delivery times, which depend on your geographic location.

Estimated delivery times:

  • Standard Shipping: 5-8 business days
  • Expedited Shipping: 3-5 business days

Shipping method varies depending on what is being shipped.  

Tracking
All orders are shipped with a tracking number. Once your order has left our warehouse, a confirmation e-mail with a tracking number will be sent to you. You will be able to track your package at all times. 

Damaged Parcel
If your package has been delivered in a PO Box, please note that we are not responsible for any damage that may result (consequences of extreme temperatures, theft, etc.). 

If you have any questions regarding shipping or want to know about the status of an order, please contact us or email to support@stevensbooks.com.

You may return most items within 30 days of delivery for a full refund.

To be eligible for a return, your item must be unused and in the same condition that you received it. It must also be in the original packaging.

Several types of goods are exempt from being returned. Perishable goods such as food, flowers, newspapers or magazines cannot be returned. We also do not accept products that are intimate or sanitary goods, hazardous materials, or flammable liquids or gases.

Additional non-returnable items:

  • Gift cards
  • Downloadable software products
  • Some health and personal care items

To complete your return, we require a tracking number, which shows the items which you already returned to us.
There are certain situations where only partial refunds are granted (if applicable)

  • Book with obvious signs of use
  • CD, DVD, VHS tape, software, video game, cassette tape, or vinyl record that has been opened
  • Any item not in its original condition, is damaged or missing parts for reasons not due to our error
  • Any item that is returned more than 30 days after delivery

Items returned to us as a result of our error will receive a full refund,some returns may be subject to a restocking fee of 7% of the total item price, please contact a customer care team member to see if your return is subject. Returns that arrived on time and were as described are subject to a restocking fee.

Items returned to us that were not the result of our error, including items returned to us due to an invalid or incomplete address, will be refunded the original item price less our standard restocking fees.

If the item is returned to us for any of the following reasons, a 15% restocking fee will be applied to your refund total and you will be asked to pay for return shipping:

  • Item(s) no longer needed or wanted.
  • Item(s) returned to us due to an invalid or incomplete address.
  • Item(s) returned to us that were not a result of our error.

You should expect to receive your refund within four weeks of giving your package to the return shipper, however, in many cases you will receive a refund more quickly. This time period includes the transit time for us to receive your return from the shipper (5 to 10 business days), the time it takes us to process your return once we receive it (3 to 5 business days), and the time it takes your bank to process our refund request (5 to 10 business days).

If you need to return an item, please Contact Us with your order number and details about the product you would like to return. We will respond quickly with instructions for how to return items from your order.


Shipping Cost


We'll pay the return shipping costs if the return is a result of our error (you received an incorrect or defective item, etc.). In other cases, you will be responsible for paying for your own shipping costs for returning your item. Shipping costs are non-refundable. If you receive a refund, the cost of return shipping will be deducted from your refund.

Depending on where you live, the time it may take for your exchanged product to reach you, may vary.

If you are shipping an item over $75, you should consider using a trackable shipping service or purchasing shipping insurance. We don’t guarantee that we will receive your returned item.

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