Strategies To Prevent Weight Gain Among Adults: Comparative Effectiveness Review Number 97
Strategies To Prevent Weight Gain Among Adults: Comparative Effectiveness Review Number 97
Overview
One of the Healthy People 2020 national objectives is to increase the prevalence of a healthy weight among adults to 34% and to reduce the prevalence of obesity among adults to less than 30%. From 2005 to 2008, only 31% of adults were a healthy weight. Obesity was estimated to cost $79 billion in the U.S. during 1995. By 2008, health care costs associated with obesity were thought to have risen to $147 billion. The Federal Government pays about one half of these costs through Medicaid and Medicare spending. Body mass index (BMI)—expressed as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kg/m2)—is commonly used to classify underweight (BMI less than 18.5 kg/m), healthy or normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m), overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m), obesity (BMI greater than or equal to 30.0 kg/m), and extreme obesity (BMI greater than or equal to 40.0 kg/m). Adults tend to gain weight progressively through middle age. Although the average weight gained per year is 0.5 to 1 kg, the modest accumulation of weight over time can lead to obesity. The estimated age-adjusted prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI greater than or equal to 25.0 kg/m) was 68% in the U.S. during 2007 and 2008. Despite the doubling in the prevalence of obesity between 1976 and 1980 and 2007 to 2008 (13 to 34%), the prevalence of overweight has remained stable between the same time periods (32 to 34%). Obesity is a risk factor for chronic conditions including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, arthritis, certain types of cancer, and cancer recurrence. Weight is associated with an increased risk of some forms of cancer and cancer recurrence. There is growing evidence that breast cancer survivors or women with breast cancer have better outcomes if they lose or maintain their weight. Obesity can also be caused by medications used to treat chronic disease, as is the case for antipsychotic treatments, some treatments for type 2 diabetes, and tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors for treatment or prevention of breast cancer or cancer recurrence. Higher grades of obesity are associated with excess mortality, primarily from cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer. We aimed to review studies of strategies to prevent weight gain among adults. The strategies of interest were self-management techniques, diet, physical activity, use of the dietary fat absorption inhibitor orlistat, or combinations of these strategies applied at the individual, community, or environment level. These strategies could have been implemented in any setting, including clinical care sites, community settings, higher education institutions, and workplaces. Strategies could have targeted individuals at high risk of gaining weight because of a family history of obesity or diabetes mellitus, personal risk factors for diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (such as borderline values of laboratory measures), use of medication associated with weight gain, or have had more inclusive enrollment criteria. We aimed to compare the effectiveness, safety, and impact on quality of life of independent and combined strategies to prevent weight gain among adults. The specific Key Questions are: KQ1: What is the comparative effectiveness of self-management KQ2: strategies for the prevention of weight gain among adults? What is the comparative effectiveness of dietary KQ3: strategies for the prevention of weight gain among adults? What is the comparative effectiveness of physical activity KQ4: strategies for the prevention of weight gain among adults? What is the comparative effectiveness of orlistat KQ5: for the prevention of weight gain among adults? What is the comparative effectiveness of a combination KQ6: of self-management, dietary, physical activity, and orlistat strategies for the prevention of weight gain among adults? What is the comparative effectiveness of environment-level strategies for the prevention of weight gain among adults?Description
Condition Guidelines
Books - New and Used
The following guidelines apply to books:
- New: A brand-new copy with cover and original protective wrapping intact. Books with markings of any kind on the cover or pages, books marked as "Bargain" or "Remainder," or with any other labels attached, may not be listed as New condition.
- Used - Good: All pages and cover are intact (including the dust cover, if applicable). Spine may show signs of wear. Pages may include limited notes and highlighting. May include "From the library of" labels. Shrink wrap, dust covers, or boxed set case may be missing. Item may be missing bundled media.
- Used - Acceptable: All pages and the cover are intact, but shrink wrap, dust covers, or boxed set case may be missing. Pages may include limited notes, highlighting, or minor water damage but the text is readable. Item may but the dust cover may be missing. Pages may include limited notes and highlighting, but the text cannot be obscured or unreadable.
Note: Some electronic material access codes are valid only for one user. For this reason, used books, including books listed in the Used – Like New condition, may not come with functional electronic material access codes.
Shipping & Delivery
Shipping Fees
- Stevens Books offers FREE SHIPPING everywhere in the United States for ALL non-book orders, and $3.99 for each book.
- Packages are shipped from Monday to Friday.
- No additional fees and charges.
Delivery Times
The usual time for processing an order is 24 hours (1 business day), but may vary depending on the availability of products ordered. This period excludes delivery times, which depend on your geographic location.
Estimated delivery times:
- Standard Shipping: 5-8 business days
- Expedited Shipping: 3-5 business days
Shipping method varies depending on what is being shipped.
Tracking
All orders are shipped with a tracking number. Once your order has left our warehouse, a confirmation e-mail with a tracking number will be sent to you. You will be able to track your package at all times.
Damaged Parcel
If your package has been delivered in a PO Box, please note that we are not responsible for any damage that may result (consequences of extreme temperatures, theft, etc.).
If you have any questions regarding shipping or want to know about the status of an order, please contact us or email to support@stevensbooks.com.
Returns & Refunds
You may return most items within 30 days of delivery for a full refund.
To be eligible for a return, your item must be unused and in the same condition that you received it. It must also be in the original packaging.
Several types of goods are exempt from being returned. Perishable goods such as food, flowers, newspapers or magazines cannot be returned. We also do not accept products that are intimate or sanitary goods, hazardous materials, or flammable liquids or gases.
Additional non-returnable items:
- Gift cards
- Downloadable software products
- Some health and personal care items
To complete your return, we require a tracking number, which shows the items which you already returned to us.
There are certain situations where only partial refunds are granted (if applicable)
- Book with obvious signs of use
- CD, DVD, VHS tape, software, video game, cassette tape, or vinyl record that has been opened
- Any item not in its original condition, is damaged or missing parts for reasons not due to our error
- Any item that is returned more than 30 days after delivery
Items returned to us as a result of our error will receive a full refund,some returns may be subject to a restocking fee of 7% of the total item price, please contact a customer care team member to see if your return is subject. Returns that arrived on time and were as described are subject to a restocking fee.
Items returned to us that were not the result of our error, including items returned to us due to an invalid or incomplete address, will be refunded the original item price less our standard restocking fees.
If the item is returned to us for any of the following reasons, a 15% restocking fee will be applied to your refund total and you will be asked to pay for return shipping:
- Item(s) no longer needed or wanted.
- Item(s) returned to us due to an invalid or incomplete address.
- Item(s) returned to us that were not a result of our error.
You should expect to receive your refund within four weeks of giving your package to the return shipper, however, in many cases you will receive a refund more quickly. This time period includes the transit time for us to receive your return from the shipper (5 to 10 business days), the time it takes us to process your return once we receive it (3 to 5 business days), and the time it takes your bank to process our refund request (5 to 10 business days).
If you need to return an item, please Contact Us with your order number and details about the product you would like to return. We will respond quickly with instructions for how to return items from your order.
Shipping Cost
We'll pay the return shipping costs if the return is a result of our error (you received an incorrect or defective item, etc.). In other cases, you will be responsible for paying for your own shipping costs for returning your item. Shipping costs are non-refundable. If you receive a refund, the cost of return shipping will be deducted from your refund.
Depending on where you live, the time it may take for your exchanged product to reach you, may vary.
If you are shipping an item over $75, you should consider using a trackable shipping service or purchasing shipping insurance. We don’t guarantee that we will receive your returned item.
Overview
One of the Healthy People 2020 national objectives is to increase the prevalence of a healthy weight among adults to 34% and to reduce the prevalence of obesity among adults to less than 30%. From 2005 to 2008, only 31% of adults were a healthy weight. Obesity was estimated to cost $79 billion in the U.S. during 1995. By 2008, health care costs associated with obesity were thought to have risen to $147 billion. The Federal Government pays about one half of these costs through Medicaid and Medicare spending. Body mass index (BMI)—expressed as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kg/m2)—is commonly used to classify underweight (BMI less than 18.5 kg/m), healthy or normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m), overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m), obesity (BMI greater than or equal to 30.0 kg/m), and extreme obesity (BMI greater than or equal to 40.0 kg/m). Adults tend to gain weight progressively through middle age. Although the average weight gained per year is 0.5 to 1 kg, the modest accumulation of weight over time can lead to obesity. The estimated age-adjusted prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI greater than or equal to 25.0 kg/m) was 68% in the U.S. during 2007 and 2008. Despite the doubling in the prevalence of obesity between 1976 and 1980 and 2007 to 2008 (13 to 34%), the prevalence of overweight has remained stable between the same time periods (32 to 34%). Obesity is a risk factor for chronic conditions including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, arthritis, certain types of cancer, and cancer recurrence. Weight is associated with an increased risk of some forms of cancer and cancer recurrence. There is growing evidence that breast cancer survivors or women with breast cancer have better outcomes if they lose or maintain their weight. Obesity can also be caused by medications used to treat chronic disease, as is the case for antipsychotic treatments, some treatments for type 2 diabetes, and tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors for treatment or prevention of breast cancer or cancer recurrence. Higher grades of obesity are associated with excess mortality, primarily from cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer. We aimed to review studies of strategies to prevent weight gain among adults. The strategies of interest were self-management techniques, diet, physical activity, use of the dietary fat absorption inhibitor orlistat, or combinations of these strategies applied at the individual, community, or environment level. These strategies could have been implemented in any setting, including clinical care sites, community settings, higher education institutions, and workplaces. Strategies could have targeted individuals at high risk of gaining weight because of a family history of obesity or diabetes mellitus, personal risk factors for diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (such as borderline values of laboratory measures), use of medication associated with weight gain, or have had more inclusive enrollment criteria. We aimed to compare the effectiveness, safety, and impact on quality of life of independent and combined strategies to prevent weight gain among adults. The specific Key Questions are: KQ1: What is the comparative effectiveness of self-management KQ2: strategies for the prevention of weight gain among adults? What is the comparative effectiveness of dietary KQ3: strategies for the prevention of weight gain among adults? What is the comparative effectiveness of physical activity KQ4: strategies for the prevention of weight gain among adults? What is the comparative effectiveness of orlistat KQ5: for the prevention of weight gain among adults? What is the comparative effectiveness of a combination KQ6: of self-management, dietary, physical activity, and orlistat strategies for the prevention of weight gain among adults? What is the comparative effectiveness of environment-level strategies for the prevention of weight gain among adults?Description
Condition Guidelines
Books - New and Used
The following guidelines apply to books:
- New: A brand-new copy with cover and original protective wrapping intact. Books with markings of any kind on the cover or pages, books marked as "Bargain" or "Remainder," or with any other labels attached, may not be listed as New condition.
- Used - Good: All pages and cover are intact (including the dust cover, if applicable). Spine may show signs of wear. Pages may include limited notes and highlighting. May include "From the library of" labels. Shrink wrap, dust covers, or boxed set case may be missing. Item may be missing bundled media.
- Used - Acceptable: All pages and the cover are intact, but shrink wrap, dust covers, or boxed set case may be missing. Pages may include limited notes, highlighting, or minor water damage but the text is readable. Item may but the dust cover may be missing. Pages may include limited notes and highlighting, but the text cannot be obscured or unreadable.
Note: Some electronic material access codes are valid only for one user. For this reason, used books, including books listed in the Used – Like New condition, may not come with functional electronic material access codes.
Shipping & Delivery
Shipping Fees
- Stevens Books offers FREE SHIPPING everywhere in the United States for ALL non-book orders, and $3.99 for each book.
- Packages are shipped from Monday to Friday.
- No additional fees and charges.
Delivery Times
The usual time for processing an order is 24 hours (1 business day), but may vary depending on the availability of products ordered. This period excludes delivery times, which depend on your geographic location.
Estimated delivery times:
- Standard Shipping: 5-8 business days
- Expedited Shipping: 3-5 business days
Shipping method varies depending on what is being shipped.
Tracking
All orders are shipped with a tracking number. Once your order has left our warehouse, a confirmation e-mail with a tracking number will be sent to you. You will be able to track your package at all times.
Damaged Parcel
If your package has been delivered in a PO Box, please note that we are not responsible for any damage that may result (consequences of extreme temperatures, theft, etc.).
If you have any questions regarding shipping or want to know about the status of an order, please contact us or email to support@stevensbooks.com.
Returns & Refunds
You may return most items within 30 days of delivery for a full refund.
To be eligible for a return, your item must be unused and in the same condition that you received it. It must also be in the original packaging.
Several types of goods are exempt from being returned. Perishable goods such as food, flowers, newspapers or magazines cannot be returned. We also do not accept products that are intimate or sanitary goods, hazardous materials, or flammable liquids or gases.
Additional non-returnable items:
- Gift cards
- Downloadable software products
- Some health and personal care items
To complete your return, we require a tracking number, which shows the items which you already returned to us.
There are certain situations where only partial refunds are granted (if applicable)
- Book with obvious signs of use
- CD, DVD, VHS tape, software, video game, cassette tape, or vinyl record that has been opened
- Any item not in its original condition, is damaged or missing parts for reasons not due to our error
- Any item that is returned more than 30 days after delivery
Items returned to us as a result of our error will receive a full refund,some returns may be subject to a restocking fee of 7% of the total item price, please contact a customer care team member to see if your return is subject. Returns that arrived on time and were as described are subject to a restocking fee.
Items returned to us that were not the result of our error, including items returned to us due to an invalid or incomplete address, will be refunded the original item price less our standard restocking fees.
If the item is returned to us for any of the following reasons, a 15% restocking fee will be applied to your refund total and you will be asked to pay for return shipping:
- Item(s) no longer needed or wanted.
- Item(s) returned to us due to an invalid or incomplete address.
- Item(s) returned to us that were not a result of our error.
You should expect to receive your refund within four weeks of giving your package to the return shipper, however, in many cases you will receive a refund more quickly. This time period includes the transit time for us to receive your return from the shipper (5 to 10 business days), the time it takes us to process your return once we receive it (3 to 5 business days), and the time it takes your bank to process our refund request (5 to 10 business days).
If you need to return an item, please Contact Us with your order number and details about the product you would like to return. We will respond quickly with instructions for how to return items from your order.
Shipping Cost
We'll pay the return shipping costs if the return is a result of our error (you received an incorrect or defective item, etc.). In other cases, you will be responsible for paying for your own shipping costs for returning your item. Shipping costs are non-refundable. If you receive a refund, the cost of return shipping will be deducted from your refund.
Depending on where you live, the time it may take for your exchanged product to reach you, may vary.
If you are shipping an item over $75, you should consider using a trackable shipping service or purchasing shipping insurance. We don’t guarantee that we will receive your returned item.
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